"-z-"が[z]にならない例外

azure [ǽʒɚ](例外), waltz [wɔlts, wɔls](例外),

"-th-"が[θ]または[ð]にならず[z]になる例外

[z], asthma ['æzmə],

単語に"-x-"か含まれる場合の発音は、[-ks-]または[-gz-] [-kʃ-][-ŋz-]となります。

[-ks-], excavate, except, excuse, axe, execute, exercise, Oxford, exhale, expect, lexical, approximate maximum, axiom, axis, saxophone, next, text, extend, galaxy,

[-gz-], exact, example, exhaust, exhibit, exist, exotic,

[-kʃ-], anxious [æŋkʃəs], sexual, luxury,

[-ŋz-], anxiety [æŋzáɪəti],

主語が三人称単数のときに動詞につける"s", "es" や名詞の複数形につける"s", "es"の発音は、元の単語の最後の音で決まります。 [s, ʃ, ʧ, z, ʒ, ʤ]で終わる単語は、[iz]と発音します。 [z, ʒ, ʤ]以外の有声音で終わる単語は、[z]と発音します。 [s, ʃ, ʧ]以外の無声音で終わる単語は、[s]と発音します。

[s, ʃ, ʧ, z, ʒ, ʤ]+[iz], misses, washes, teaches, rises, judges,

[z, ʒ, ʤ]以外の有声音+[z], jobs, verbs, kids, reads, gives, dogs, hills, sells, items, rooms, dozens, runs, goes, cars, ears, plays, cows, knows, ways, keys,

[s, ʃ, ʧ]以外の無声音+[s], classics, roofs, laughs, talks, jumps, cats,

(例外), does [dʌz], says[sez],

"-ds"[dz]で終わる単語と"-s"[z]で終わる単語の音の差に注意してください。発音記号で[dz]となる場合は、どちらも舌と歯茎を使う有声破裂音の[d]と有声摩擦音[z]の組み合わせです。[dz]を日本語で例えれば、「ズ」を強く言う時に、舌を前歯裏の歯茎に付けて息を溜めておき一気に破裂させて「ズッ」と言って舌をさほど歯茎から離さずにその隙間で空気を摩擦させて最終的に「ズッー」という感じ、ただし「ー」は「ウ」ではなく、あくまでも英語の[z]です。これに対してただの[z]は、破裂音の[d]を含みませんから、息を舌で止めてから舌を歯茎から破裂的に離してはいけません。

[dz], adds, beds, buds, clouds, foods, hands, heads, kids, oddds, periods, needs, records, sounds, woods,

[dz], [z], boards, boars,   cards, cars,   gards, gars,   herds, hers,   loads, lose,   maids, maize,   roads, rose,   prides, prize,   wards, wars,  

"-th"[-θ]で終わる加算名詞の複数形は、"-ths"[-ðz, (-θs)]になります。例外は"month", "myth", "fourth, fifth, sixth...(分数の分母)"です。発音が難しいので練習してください。

[-θ], [-ðz],   mouth [mauθ], mouths [mauðz],   wreath [riθ], wreaths [riðz],  

[-θ], [-ðz, θs],   bath [bæθ], baths [bæðz, bæθs],   booth [buθ], booths [buðz, buθs],   moth [mɔθ], moths [mɔ;ðz, mɔ;θs],   oath [oʊθ], oaths [oʊðz, oʊθs],   path [pæθ], paths [pæðz, pæθs],  

[-θ], [-θs, ts], month [mʌnθ], months [mʌnθs, mʌnts], (例外),

[-θ], [-θs], myth, myths, (例外),

[-θ], [-θs], fourth [-θ], three fourths (3/4) [-θs], fifth [-θ], two fifths (2/5) [-θs], sixth, five sixths (5/6) [-θs], (例外、分数の分母として複数形の序数詞を用いる場合の[-θs]),

単語の最後が"-se"のとき、発音は、[-s] または、[-z]になります。 でも、どちらになるか簡単に決まる規則はありません。 何度も発音して個別に暗記するしかありません。 以下に一覧を用意しました。

"-ase" [-s], base, case, cease, release, decrease, increase, grease, chase, purchase,

"-ase" [-s, -z], erase, vase,

"-ase" [-z], ease, please, disease, tease, phase, phrase,

"-ese" [-s], obese,

"-ese" [-z], Bhutanese, cantonese, Chinese, Japanese, Maltese, Portuguese, Vietnamese, cheese, geese, manganese,

"-ise" [-s], precise, concise, paradise, valise, promise, porpoise, tortoise, practise,

"-ise" [-s, -z], treatise,

"-ise" [-z], mayonnaise, raise, praise, criticise, exercise, exorcise, excise, franchise, apologise, realise, specialise, Elise, compromise, surmise, organise, recognise, noise, poise, despise, rise, arise, summarise, sunrise, prise, comprise, surprise, enterprise, advertise, guise, disguise, Louise, bruise, cruise, advise, devise, revise, supervise, wise, clockwise,

"-lse" [-s], false, else, pulse, impulse, convulse,

"-nse" [-s], defense, dense, expanse, expense, immense, incense, intense, license, nonsense, offense, recompense, response, sense, suspense, tense,

"-ose" [-s], verbose, dose, goose, loose, noose, purpose, morose,

"-ose" [-s, -z], diagnose,

"-ose" [-z], hose, chose, whose, lose, close, enclose, disclose, nose, choose, pose, depose, impose, compose, propose, oppose, suppose, dispose, expose, rose, arose, prose,

"-pse" [-s], lapse, collapse, eclipse, glimpse, corpse,

"-rse" [-s], rehearse, coarse, hoarse, terse, verse, averse, reverse, diverse, universe, inverse, converse, horse, worse, reimburse, curse, course, recourse, intercourse, discourse, nurse, purse,

"-rse" [-s, -z], parse, transverse,

"-use" [-s], house, louse, mouse, dormouse,

"-use" [-s, -z], blouse, spouse,

"-use" [-z], use, cause, because, clause, applause, pause, abuse, accuse, excuse, reuse, refuse, diffuse, confuse, amuse, rouse, ruse,

"-wse" [-z], browse,

"-yse" [-z], analyse, paralyse,

単語の"-ss-"は、[-s-]、[-z-]、[-ʃ-]のいずれかで発音します。

"ss-"で始まる単語は見つかりません。,

[-s-], message, assert, vessel, assist, classic, associate, lesson, assum, brassy,

[-s], class, less, impress, kiss, boss, fuss,

[-z-], scissors, possess [pəˈzes],

[-ʃ-], passion, compassion, dispassionate, recession, concession, procession, confession, profession, aggression, congression, depression, repression, impression, compression, oppression, expression, session, obsession, succession, possession, mission, submission, admission, emission, commission, omission, permission, intermission, transmission, concussion, percussion, discussion,

[-ʃ-], issue, tissue,

[-ʃ-], assure, pressure,

単語の"-su-"の"s"は、[-s-], [-z-],[-ʃ-], [-ʒu-], [-ʒɚ]で発音します。

[s-], sub, success, sudden, suede, sufficient, suggest, suit, sulk, sum, sun, super, surface, suspend,

[-s-], persuade, ensue, peninsula, consult, consume, absurd, resurgence, census, versus,

[-z-], result, resurrect, resume, presume, Jesus,

[ʃ-], sugar, sure,

[-ʃ-], issue, tissue, assure, pressure, insure,

[-ʒu-], casual, visual, usual,

[-ʒɚ], measure, treasure,

[ð]と[z]が違う単語例

bathe [beɪð], bays [beɪz],   breathe [brið], breeze [briz],   clothe [cloʊð], close [cloʊz](v) [cloʊs](adj),